The southern folded zone occupies the southern third of the country, from the Aegean to the Gulf of Iskenderun, from which it extends to the northeast and east around the northern side of the Arabian platform. [246] In reaction to the failed coup attempt on 15 July 2016, over 160,000 judges, teachers, police and civil servants have been suspended or dismissed, 77,000 have been formally arrested,[247][248] and 130 media organisations, including 16 television broadcasters and 45 newspapers,[249] have been closed by the government of Turkey. Turkey's first sound film was shown in 1931. [336] Turkish State Railways started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. [444][445] Some religious and secular officials have claimed that atheism and deism are growing among Turkish people. [13] Various civilisations have inhabited the region, including the ancient Hattians, Hurrians, Urartians, and Kaskians, the Anatolian-speaking Hittites, Luwians, Lydians, and Palaics, as well as the Akkadians, Assyrians, Thracians, Galatians, Greeks, Phrygians, Persians, and Armenians. From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. [384][385][386], Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. 26 Nov 2020 According to figures released by the Justice Ministry, there are 100,000 people in Turkish prisons as of November 2008, a doubling since 2000. The Castle of St. Peter at Bodrum, Turkey, on the Aegean coast. [163][164][165][166] The Turkey 2015 report of the European Commission stated that "the independence of the judiciary and respect of the principle of separation of powers have been undermined and judges and prosecutors have been under strong political pressure. The later "Group D" of artists led by Abidin Dino, Cemal Tollu, Fikret Mualla, Fahrünnisa Zeid, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Adnan Çoker and Burhan Doğançay introduced some trends that had lasted in the West for more than three decades. In the early years of the 21st century, the chronically high inflation was brought under control; this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira (Yeni Türk Lirası) in 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. The traditional national sport of Turkey has been yağlı güreş (oil wrestling) since Ottoman times. and projecting this "Turkish Islam"[417] abroad. [423][424][425], Christianity has a long history in present-day Turkey, which is the birthplace of numerous Christian apostles and saints, such as Paul of Tarsus, Timothy, Nicholas of Myra, Polycarp of Smyrna and many others. [454] Turkey is ranked 32nd out of 34 in the OECD's PISA study. Turkmen tribes invaded Anatolia in the 11th century ce, founding the Seljuq empire; during the 14th century the Ottoman Empire began a long expansion, reaching its peak during the 17th century. The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism currently promotes Turkish tourism under the Turkey Home name. Executive power is exercised by the President, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, called the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. [472], Turkish literature is a mix of cultural influences. [296] In 2004, it was estimated that 46 percent of total disposable income was received by the top 20 percent of income earners, while the lowest 20 percent received only 6 percent. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper. [253] Freedom House lists Turkey's media as not free. [342] Turkish government has constantly blocked websites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Wikipedia. Less than 50 miles from the coast, peaks rise to more than 10,000 feet (3,000 metres), with a maximum elevation of 12,917 feet (3,937 metres) in the Kaçkar range. [53] The Greco-Persian Wars started when the Greek city states on the coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule in 499 BC. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [250] 160 journalists have been imprisoned. [213][needs update] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. [315], The real GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 6.8 percent annually,[318] which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. [28] Atatürk enacted numerous reforms, many of which incorporated various aspects of Western thought, philosophy and customs into the new form of Turkish government.[29]. Renewable energy in Turkey is being increased and Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is being built on the Mediterranean coast: but despite national electricity generation overcapacity fossil fuels are still subsidized. In 2015, Aziz Sancar, a Turkish professor at the University of North Carolina, won the Nobel Chemistry Prize along with Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich, for their work on how cells repair damaged DNA. [341], Turkey's internet, which has 42.3 million active users, holds a 'Not Free' ranking in Freedom House's index. During World War I, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian and Pontic Greek subjects. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [261][262] Asian Turkey, which includes 97 percent of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. [14][20][21] From the late 18th century onwards, the empire's power declined with a gradual loss of territories and wars. in, "The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus: A Wonder of the Ancient World", "The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder", "Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. [a][26] After the Ottomans and the other Central Powers lost the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that had composed the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. In the 21st century some reforms have taken place to improve the cultural rights of ethnic minorities in Turkey, such as the establishment of TRT Kurdî, TRT Arabi and TRT Avaz by the TRT. This mix originally began as a result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their migration from Central Asia to the West. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. [22] In an effort to consolidate the weakening social and political foundations of the empire, Mahmud II started a period of modernisation in the early 19th century, bringing reforms in all areas of the state including the military and bureaucracy, along with the emancipation of all citizens. However, in the period between the 1920s and 1950s, a new generation of Turkish entrepreneurs such as Nuri Demirağ, Vehbi Koç, Hacı Ömer Sabancı and Nejat Eczacıbaşı began to establish privately owned factories, some of which evolved into the largest industrial conglomerates that dominate the Turkish economy today, such as Koç Holding, Sabancı Holding and Eczacıbaşı Holding. [351] TAEK is the official nuclear energy institution of Turkey. [168][174], The EU – Turkey Customs Union in 1995 led to an extensive liberalisation of tariff rates, and forms one of the most important pillars of Turkey's foreign trade policy. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Nâmık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (Awakening), while the journalist Şinasi has written, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). [187][188] Following the Arab Spring in December 2010, the choices made by the AKP government for supporting certain political opposition groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states, such as Turkey's neighbour Syria since the start of the Syrian civil war, and Egypt after the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi. [282], Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. Turkey is a predominantly mountainous country, and true lowland is confined to the coastal fringes. [96], Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced many reforms. [459] Turkey is a member of the European Higher Education Area and actively participates in the Bologna Process. Autonomous utilities have been created in the 16 metropolitan cities of Turkey and cost recovery has been increased, thus providing the basis for the sustainability of service provision. Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye) is a country in both Europe and Asia. [468], Carpet weaving is a traditional art from pre-Islamic times. [463] Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures. [365] Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available, because Turkish census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.[266]. Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy in the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability. The cave churches in Cappadocia were among the hiding places of early Christians during the Roman persecutions against them. [138] The office of Prime Minister has been abolished and its powers (together with those of the Cabinet) have been transferred to the President, who is the head of state and is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. [467] In the late 19th century, human figure in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with Osman Hamdi Bey. [35][36] Turkey is a secular, unitary, formerly parliamentary republic that adopted a presidential system with a referendum in 2017; the new system came into effect with the presidential election in 2018. Until then, female roles had only been played by actresses who were members of Turkey's ethnic minorities. The turkey drippings may be used to prepare a gravy by placing a metal pan under the turkey … [432] The drop was the result of events that had a significant impact on the country's demographic structure, such as the Armenian Genocide, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey[433] and the emigration of Christians that began in the late 19th century and gained pace in the first quarter of the 20th century. From AC/DC to Bruce Springsteen, test your knowledge of the origins of various musicians and groups in this quiz. [252] In 2017, the CPJ identified 81 jailed journalists in Turkey (including the editorial staff of Cumhuriyet, Turkey's oldest newspaper still in circulation), all directly held for their published work (the country ranked first in the world in that year, with more journalists in prison than in Iran, Eritrea or China);[253] while in 2015 Freemuse identified nine musicians imprisoned for their work (ranking third after Russia and China). [254] In 2015 Turkey's media was rated as not free by Freedom House. During the war, the empire's Armenians were deported to Syria as part of the Armenian Genocide. Carving a turkey is a skill, not an art, which means you can learn it. Each category includes first instance courts and high courts. [117] Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. The Osman Gazi Bridge (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of İzmit. On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend Turkey's accession talks; which, despite being stalled since 2018, remain active as of 2020. 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