The Pompeian cavalry quickly overwhelmed the outnumbered Caesarian horse but then ran into Caesar’s favorite legion, the X, which Caesar had purposely stationed at the end of the line to meet the enemy cavalry. Caesar, Julius; Peskett ... Rome -- History Civil War, 49-45 B.C Publisher London Heinemann Collection robarts; toronto Digitizing sponsor Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Contributor Robarts - University of Toronto Language English. He then built a bridge over the river and pursued the main Helvetii force for two weeks until a lack of supplies caused him to end the chase. Pompey’s 50,000-man army greatly outnumbered Caesar’s 20,000 soldiers; yet Caesar’s troops were seasoned veterans of the years-long,  hard-fought campaigns that had conquered Gaul (modern-day France) and greatly expanded Roman-ruled territory. Caesar sent away his horse – a signal to his troops that he would stand with them. Gaius Julius Caesar (July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a military commander, politician and author at the end of the Roman Republic.. Caesar became a member of the First Triumvirate, and when that broke up, he fought a civil war against Pompey the Great. In reviewing the differences and similarities between manuscripts, the goal is to get to the oldest version of the text. Lyons resides in Rochester, N.Y., with his wife, Brenda, and a beagle named Gus. at Dyrrhachium (in modern-day Albania). Joan Didion, essayist and novelist (Slouching Towards Bethlehem, Play it as it Lays). While this happened, the Boii and Tulingi, Helvetii allies who had been held in reserve, joined the battle by hitting Caesar’s right flank. Historians have praised Caesar for his innovative military tactics, his use of skilled military engineers and his natural gifts as a military leader. Caesar moved quickly into Gaul, creating auxiliary units as he went. Again, Caesar demonstrates great leniency to the soldiers and to their leaders. The First Triumvirate - overseers of the last days of the Roman Republic - has disintegrated. The Civil Wars has been divided into the following sections: Book 1 [145k] Book 2 [83k] Book 3 [187k] Download: A 301k text-only version is available for download. Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War), or Bellum Civile, is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate. Gaius Julius Caesar was born in July 100 B.C. Later Campaigns - Not written by Caesar. Caesar’s enemy, however, had one last card to play. Book 2--- 49 B.C. Caesar would prove the value of a dog's role in war several times over the course of his service in World War II. Chuck Lyons is a retired newspaper editor and a freelance writer who has written extensively on historical subjects. Yet he was aware of the role that luck played in his victories. George Armstrong Custer, Union cavalry leader who met his fate at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. “In all of life,” Caesar wrote, “but especially in war, the greatest power belongs to fortune.”. “The contest [was] long and vigorously carried on,” Caesar wrote in his Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. Caesar responded by thinning the traditional Roman three-line infantry formation and creating a fourth line hidden behind the other three. The X’s men, rather than hurl their pila at the cavalry attack and then chop at the horses’ legs with their gladii (the traditional Roman defense against a cavalry attack), stabbed at the faces and eyes of the horsemen with their pila as Caesar had drilled them to do. Walt Disney, animator and creator of an entertainment empire. From 82 to 80 B.C., Lucius Cornelius Sulla made himself dictator of Rome and purged the city of his political enemies. He cleverly exploited the tribes’ endemic factionalism, made allies by showing mercy to the tribes he defeated, and bribed others with the fruits of Roman civilization – and when necessary, he waged war against them. Caesar chose to stop and fight at a hill near a Gallic oppidum (fortified city) at Bibracte. triumph celebration – and then executed by strangulation. Vercingetorix moved a large part of his force by night to a weak spot in the northwest portion of the Roman fortifications that Caesar had tried to conceal; the area featured natural obstructions where a continuous wall could not be built. Moreover, the Germanic tribes likely would move into the abandoned Helvetii homeland, posing another threat to Roman interests. Instead, Caesar marched from Gaul with the XIII Legion. Caesar then hurried to Cisalpine Gaul, where he took command of three legions and enrolled two new ones, the XI and XII. “There was such a passion among the Gauls for liberty,” Caesar wrote, “that [nothing] could hold them back from throwing themselves with all their heart and soul into the fight for freedom.”. 3 separate attempts at creating stemmas of the textual transmission of Caesar's Civil War. crossing of the Rubicon River with his XIII Legion in defiance of the Pompey-led Senate’s order would be decided by this day’s battle. Caesar, The Civil War, 1–32 Translated by John Carter (2016). He sent his cavalry to delay the enemy and placed four legions in the traditional Roman three-line formation partway up the hill. When he reached the river, three-fourths of the Helvetii force had already crossed. Even Pompey became jealous and soon Caesar and Pompey became rivals. Surviving that near defeat, Caesar marched inland and at Pharsalus again met Pompey and his army. In what would become his trademark, Caesar spared the Helvetii survivors and ordered them to return to their original homeland. In 55 B.C., Caesar repelled an incursion into Gaul by two Germanic tribes, and followed that by building a bridge across the Rhine. Caesar’s civil war would continue even after Pharsalus but that was the turning point. Curio's disaster in Africa. At Pharsalus, however, Caesar’s soldiers confronted other disciplined Roman legionaries in a battle certain to decide the outcome of a brutal civil war. Meanwhile, the Helvetii had begun pillaging the land of tribes aligned with Rome. Pompey’s infantry would hold Caesar’s opposing infantry in place while the Pompeian cavalry swept around the end of the Roman line in an outflanking maneuver. Led by Pompey and his optimates (conservative supporters), the Senate fled Rome, first to Brundisium in southern Italy and then across the Adriatic Sea to Rome’s Greek provinces. covered by Books 1–8 of The Landmark Julius Caesar, the civil war of 49 and 48 by Books 9–11, wars in Egypt, Anatolia and other parts of the Roman empire in 47 by Book 12 (Alexandrian War), the second round of the civil wars in 46 by Book 13 (African War), and the last round of the civil wars in 45 by Book 14 (Spanish War). Book 1 - (50 B.C.) It consists of three books covering the events of 49-48 BC, from shortly before Caesar's invasion of Italy to Pompey's defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus and flight to Egypt. In a quick reversal, the fleeing Helvetii suddenly turned and began to pursue the Romans, harassing their rear guard. Anglo-Zulu War 1879 The Crimean War 1853-1856 The Plains Wars 1850s-1890s French Indian War 1754-1763 The Mahdist Revolt 1884 American Civil War 1861-1865 American War of Ind. Caesar’s men then focused on Pompey’s camp. This is the continuation of the mini series about “Caesar’s civil War”. Book 1--- 50 B.C. Following his year as consul, Caesar engineered his appointment as proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul (the region between the Alps, the Apennines and the Adriatic Sea) and Transalpine Gaul (present-day Switzerland and Alpine France). During one deployment, heavy rains rendered the … James Cleveland, considered the "King of Gospel.". Caesar followed this victory with a series of punitive raids against tribes along the Atlantic seaboard that had assembled an anti-Roman confederacy, and he fought a combined land-sea campaign against the Veneti. On October 2, Vercingetorix’s Gauls launched a massive attack from inside the Roman fortifications while a relief army hit the Romans from outside. Finally, however, on August 9 Pompey and his army seemed ready to fight – and with a glance Caesar realized what his enemy was planning. It was August 9, 48 B.C. He then took 13 cavalry cohorts (about 6,000 men) to attack the relief army, forcing it to retreat. He only was able to turn the conflict when he commandeered a shield from a soldier and personally rallied his legions, forming a large defensive square to protect his wounded and calling for reinforcements. At the head of these five legions, he passed through the Alps, crossing the territories of several hostile tribes and fighting some skirmishes en route. Finally on August 2, Caesar has cut off the enemy from water, fuel, and food, and they surrender. That same year, Caesar launched an amphibious campaign that took his forces to Britain. Caesar had absolute authority within these two Gallic provinces, and the Senate entrusted him with four legions to enforce his authority. According to figures claimed at the time, when the day was over 15,000 of Pompey’s men were killed and another 20,000 were captured, while Caesar lost only 200 men. became a Roman consul, the city’s highest elected official. II.1- 2 … Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the Gallic Wars, fully conquering the region of Gaul (roughly equivalent to modern-day France).After the Roman Senate demanded Caesar to disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the Rubicon with his army and plunging Rome into Caesar's Civil War in 49 BC. Due to his many wounded and the need to bury his dead, Caesar had to wait three days before he could pursue the fleeing Helvetii, but he finally caught them. Caesar sent in his yet uncommitted third line to reinforce the fatigued troops, and Pompey’s remaining soldiers fled the field. Julius Caesar ruled Rome as unquestioned dictator until his assassination March 15, 44 B.C. Seven cohorts of Pompey-allied Thracians and other auxiliaries defended the camp as best they could but were unable to fend off Caesar’s legionaries. commentariorum libri vii de bello gallico cum a. hirti supplemento Interesting. Because of Caesar’s relationship with Marius, Sulla stripped Caesar of his inheritance and his wife’s dowry, forcing him to flee Rome and join the Roman army in Asia Minor. After the battle, 180 stands of colors and nine eagle standards were brought to Caesar as trophies of his victory. Caesar’s father, also named Gaius Julius Caesar, had served Rome as the city’s praetor (military or civilian commander) and as proconsul (governor) to Asia, while his mother, Aurelia Cotta, came from an influential Roman family. The Romans rightly feared that the Helvetii would pillage other tribes as they migrated, and that once settled in southwest Gaul they would pose a threat to Roman territory. The outcome of the bitter civil war that began with Caesar’s January 49 B.C. The outcome of the bitter civil war that began with Caesar’s January 49 B.C. In his Commentaries, he remarked, “No single traveler had ever crossed [these mountains] in winter.”. Caesar next pacified the Suebi, a Germanic tribe, killing most of the 120,000-man force sent against him. Caesar also knew, as all great generals know, “if fortune doesn’t go your way, sometimes you have to bend it to your will.” And bend it he did. The battle of Pharsalus was the decisive engagement that cemented Caesars legacy and finalized the procedure of Rome’s transition from a Republic to an Empire. As Caesar had foreseen, when the lines collided Pompey loosed his 7,000 cavalrymen at the end of the Roman line. Caesar then went to the Middle East, where he annihilated the king of Pontus. This forced the Romans to divide their already outnumbered force to fight the Helvetii to their front and the enemy reserves to their side. Book 3--- 48-47 B.C. Unopposed, Caesar marched triumphantly into Rome, where he was declared dictator; but he had still to defeat the optimate force. Most of 53 B.C. Martin Van Buren, 8th president in the United States--and the first born in the United States. Caesar’s use of projectile weapons (such as ballistae) along with archers and peltasts enabled him to turn the battle in his favor. Vercingetorix’s cavalry unsuccessfully raided the construction several times, but his men were unable to stop the work. The charging cavalry, meeting this unexpected and terrifying menace, pulled up short and then panicked. Even without the authority of Suetonius, the diction itself would be sufficient to convince the most skeptical that Caesar and no other was the author. Below you can see how Brown’s stemma varied from 2 previous attempts at tracing the transmission of Caesar’s Civil War.2 These stemmas simplify a tedious and laborious effort, but they all have the goal of getting to a single source. A Fresh Translation of Caesar’s Civil War, 8 Books for the Military History Undergrad, Studies on the Text of Caesar's Bellum civile, Gettysburg After Action Report – September 10, 2017, The Hannibal History Channel Doesn’t Want You to Know, Bodies Piling up at the Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC), Book Review: Hannibal: A Hellenistic Life, Misspellings, including inversions of letters, missing letters, repetition, Errors from abbreviations, which were outmoded or simply different, Method of dividing books, such as using headers, numbers, or a giant letter, Diving the text, such as 14 books instead of 3, “Improvements,” corrections by multiple hands on the same manuscript, Virginia Brown, “Caesar, Gaius Julius” in. When he reached the town of Geneva, near the planned route of the Helvetii, he began destruction of a bridge over the Rhone River in territory belonging to a Roman client tribe, the Allobroges. Civil War Politics in Rome became increasingly hostile while Caesar was in Gaul. The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War.On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). crossing of the Rubicon River with his XIII Legion in defiance of the Pompey-led … Total War: ROME II – Caesar Edition is a limited physical edition release of Total War: ROME II celebrating the eponymous military commander that includes two epic campaigns packs, all the latest updates, and a free ebook from Osprey Publishing. Sulla’s victims included Caesar’s uncle, the general and seven-time consul Gaius Marius. Caesar knew that the imminent battle was his last chance, warning his men that if they lost at Pharsalus they would be at Pompey’s mercy and probably slaughtered. was spent in a punitive campaign against the Eburones and their allies, who were said to have been all but exterminated by the Romans. Vercingetorix, a young nobleman, raised an army, made alliances with several other tribes and seized control of what was developing as an all-out revolt against Roman authority. Although the proconsular term of office normally was one year, Caesar was able to secure his post in Gaul for an unprecedented five years, a term later increased to 10 years. Adopted by Caesar, Augustus (c.62 BC – 14 AD / Reigned 31 BC – 14 AD) had to fight for his throne. Yet Vercingetorix also suffered serious losses and after losing another minor engagement to Caesar was forced to seek refuge in the hilltop city of Alesia (near modern-day Dijon, France). Chapter 1 While these things were going forward in Spain, Caius Trebonius, Caesar's lieutenant, who had been left to conduct the assault of Massilia, began to raise a mound, vineae, and turrets against the town, on two sides; one of which was next the harbor and docks, the other on that part where there is a passage from Gaul and Spain to that sea which forces itself up the mouth of the Rhone. into a patrician family that claimed to be descended from Julus, son of the Trojan prince Aeneas, who in turn was the supposed son of the goddess Venus. He routed those remaining on his side of the Arar, killing many of them and driving the rest into the woods. 1:0 Vossius's supplement to the first book: I will now say nothing concerning the absurd opinion of those who assert that the following Commentaries on the Civil War were not written by Caesar himself. The Romans pursued Vercingetorix and captured Avaricum (modern Bourges, in central France), the capital city of the allied Bituriges, killing the entire population. in the making, depending on how you look at it. Book 6--- 53 B.C. “[The Belgae] never gave up even when there was no hope of victory,” Caesar wrote. From that single source, Damon traced 1,000 disagreements across hundreds of medieval manuscripts of the Civil War and reconstructed a single version of the text.4 As a result, we now have a new Latin version of the Caesar’s work where the number of spots of lost or uncertain text is down to a few dozen.5 And with that, Damon has produced a fresh English translation, the first based on this new Latin version. Soon, many of the warriors found themselves all but helpless to lift their now heavily laden shields. Below you can see how Brown’s stemma varied from 2 previous attempts at tracing the transmission of Caesar’s Civil War.2 These stemmas simplify a tedious and laborious effort, but they all have the goal of getting to a single source. The Civil Wars By Julius Caesar Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. Again the Gauls were beaten back. that he returned to Rome, where he practiced as a lawyer and polished the oratorical skills that served him well for the rest of his life. He withdrew from Britain but returned in 54 B.C. In September 52 B.C., Caesar arrived at Alesia and laid siege to a combined Gallic force that may have numbered 80,000 warriors, four times greater than Caesar’s force. When the Helvetii saw their allies attack, they returned to the battle. Caesar’s next campaign, however, was against his fellow Romans. The late Virginia Brown went through the herculean task of reviewing, dating, and documenting all known manuscripts of the Civil War. He stationed himself at the hill’s summit with two other legions, his auxiliaries and his baggage train. The day’s fighting was over. Approximately 10 miles of 12-foot-high palisades were built in about three weeks. However, a larger and more serious uprising erupted in 52 B.C. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated on the order of Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII. In the morning, Vercingetorix sent a diversionary attack against the wall to the south and then struck the Roman weak spot with men he had hidden there and remnants of the relief force. Caesar’s legionaries drew their gladii (short swords) and attacked the disadvantaged tribesmen, breaking the enemy’s line and forcing the Helvetii back almost to their baggage train. The roots of this conflict reached back to 50 B.C., when the Roman Senate, feeling threatened by Caesar’s popularity with the Roman people in the wake of his Gallic conquests, ordered Caesar to disband his army in Gaul and return to Rome to face prosecution for several claimed offenses. He led a show of force into Germanic territory before returning across the Rhine and dismantling the bridge. He later went to Egypt, where he became involved in the Egyptian civil war and installed Cleopatra on Egypt’s throne. Later and more reliable estimates judge that Caesar lost about 1,200 soldiers and 30 centurions, while Pompey’s losses totaled about 6,000. Caesar’s army was almost out of supplies and had no clear line of retreat, while Pompey’s soldiers held the high ground, were far more numerous and better supplied. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The Aedui, a tribe Caesar had saved from Germanic deprecation, had turned against him, joining the revolt and capturing his supplies and Roman base at Soissons. 58–50 B.C.E. Copyright © 2020 Scott Manning. Sharpened stakes were jammed into the ground near the wall, and guard towers were erected every 80 feet. Bibracte was the first great battle of Caesar’s military career. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by Historynet LLC, the world's largest publisher of history magazines. He used part of his growing wealth from Gallic loot to hire political agents in Rome. Inside Alesia, Vercingetorix gave his men a day’s rest before again throwing their might against the Roman wall with scaling ladders and grappling hooks. The identities of the latter are unknown, but all appear to … They surrendered and begged for mercy. He also fomented an outbreak of tribes along the Mediterranean, forcing Caesar to turn his attention to the south. One historian wrote: “Caesar, next to Alexander, was the outstanding director of siege operations of the ancient world.” Caesar proved that claim at the siege of Alesia. He warned the Helvetii that any attempt to cross the river would be opposed. Book 3--- 56 B.C. CAESAR'S COMMENTARIES of THE CIVIL WAR. View 2_162939_Caesar_the_Civil_War_8517963156477394 (1).pdf from ENG 432 at Harvard University. Caesar’s cavalry and the six cohorts that made up his hidden fourth line then rushed forward to outflank Pompey’s left and worked their way behind his lines to attack from the rear. He was finally able to counterattack and managed to push back Vercingetorix’s men. All were either sold into slavery or given as booty to Caesar’s legionaries, except for the members of the Aedui and Arverni tribes. The differences in manuscripts can include. Fritz Lang, film director (Metropolis, M). Book 4--- 55 B.C. The siege of Alesia, which Caesar recounted in his Commentaries, is considered one of his greatest military achievements as well as being a classic example of successful siege warfare. Again, Caesar personally rode to the spot to rally his troops and his inspired legionaries were able to beat back the Gallic attack. He also was authorized to levy additional legions and auxiliary forces as needed. [1.0]Vossius's supplement to the first book: I will now say nothing concerning the absurd opinion of those who assert that the following Commentaries on the Civil War were not written by Caesar himself.Even without the authority of Suetonius, the diction itself would be sufficient to convince the most skeptical that Caesar and no other was the author. The second wall, designed to protect the Roman besiegers from attacks from outside the city, was the same as the first in design but included four cavalry camps. Before Caesar had even left Rome to take up his duties in Gaul, he received word that the Helvetii tribe had begun migrating west toward the Atlantic coast, burning their villages behind them. with a much larger force that successfully defeated the powerful Catuvellauni, whom he forced to pay tribute to Rome. Book 7--- 52 B.C. On August 9, 48 B.C., nearly four years after Caesar won Gaul with his victory at Alesia, he stood surveying Pompey’s much larger army at Pharsalus in Roman-ruled central Greece. While the notion of such changes may offend our sense of historical purity, these differences can help detectives such as Virginia Brown and Cynthia Damon determine if manuscript A was used to create a copy of manuscript B, and so forth. Caught on the wrong side of the mountains from Vercingetorix when winter hit, Caesar crossed the “impassable” Massif Central with a small force of infantry and cavalry to link up with two of his legions quartered near the southern edge of Arvenni territory. He met them at the River Sabis (today’s Sambre), where he almost lost the battle that raged along its shore. On the Alesia side of this rampart, two 15-foot-wide ditches were dug, with the one nearest the fortification filled with water from surrounding rivers. Although several brief cavalry engagements had been fought, the mass of the two armies had only stood and glared at one another. Cynthia Damon has produced a fresh English edition of Caesar’s Civil War that was decades (or centuries!) Armed mobs rule the streets. Medievalism, Classical Reception, Battlefields, and Cigars. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. About midday, the Helvetii force, said to be tens of thousands of experienced warriors, appeared and stood facing the smaller and far less combat-experienced Roman force. He pursued Pompey and was almost conquered in July 48 B.C. Morgan J. Freeman, film director; his Hurricane Streets (1997) was the first narrative film to win three awards at the Sundance Film Festival; produced MTV reality shows (16 and Pregnant, Teen Mom). But by moving to Alesia, Vercingetorix had played to his enemy’s strength – Caesar was a master of siege warfare. 1776-1783 Marlborough's Wars 1701-1714 The Jacobite Rebellion 1745 Enough of the Gallic horsemen escaped, however, to ride for help. > From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC–AD 14) From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC–AD 14) Using Coins as Sources ... allowing students to quickly identify material relevant to Julius Caesar, the second triumvirate, the relationship between… < Read less Read more > Contents. He changed the Roman republic into a monarchy and laid the foundations of a … In the Gallic camp, Caesar found records indicating that more than 300,000 Helvetii men, women and children had begun the trek west. The Civil War is well documented by the standards of ancient conflicts, but there remain many gaps in our knowledge. Finally, Caesar’s legions were able to collapse the Helvetii defense, with some of the tribesmen escaping to the north and others making a last stand at the Helvetii baggage train, which was soon overwhelmed. Caesar personally rode along the perimeter inspiring his legionaries as the two-sided battle raged. Book 5--- 54 B.C. Caesar spent the next few years “mopping up” remnants of the Pompeian faction and then returned to Rome and was reaffirmed as Rome’s dictator. Civil Wars. Vercingetorix was taken to Rome, where he was held for six years before being put on display during Caesar’s 46 B.C. 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Formation partway up the hill decade, Caesar marched triumphantly into Rome, where he was aware of the Wars... Dictator ; but he insisted on hostages to insure their obedience estimates judge Caesar! Became rivals of medieval telephone, there are a number of things can!