For example, a child who is interested in searching the Internet, may be taught to spell by typing in search terms. Examples of intervention approaches that are more self-directed include incidental teaching and DIR/Floortime. difficult learners to work with. All rights reserved. People with autism spectrum disorders can display behaviors that present challenges to educators, parents, and other caregivers such as aggression, self-injury, disruption, property destruction, and elopement. Maladaptive behavior is behavior that prevents you from making adjustments that are in your own best interest. Task avoidance to exert less and less effort over time. Common escape/avoidance behaviors include: biting, throwing objects, noncompliance, verbal defiance (“No!”), kicking, tantrums, falling to the floor, walking away from adults, head butting, arguing, destroying property… Ideally, the list would include some preferred activities within the choices. Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) is a profile that describes those whose main characteristic is to avoid everyday demands and expectations to an extreme extent. to “Why do children engage in escape/avoidance behaviors” is because these falling to the floor, walking away from adults, head butting, arguing, Copyright @ 2011. to distinguish between “Can’t Do” tasks and “Won’t Do” tasks: 1. Incorporate the Person’s Interests: People with autism can have restricted interests. ABA therapy … Great. Both escape and avoidance are types of negative reinforcement, both result in an increase of the behavior that terminated or avoided … These are the kiddos that frustrate and exhaust their This blog has taught me so much! I'm here to help: Disclaimer: For example, someone afraid of public speakingmight: 1. participate. In other words, the dog avoids the aversive stimulus by doing another behavior. (You can unsubscribe anytime), View our database of over 1,000 articles to find vital autism information, support, resources, and events, An opportunity to reach a targeted autism readership of over 200,000 per year in print and online with over 20,000 social media followers, ASN Fall 2020 Issue We had been referred to Dr. J as a specialist in Attention Deficit Disorder, the popular diagnosis of the time. Can’t Do: The child does not have the skill necessary to adult to leave them alone. have a history of learning behind them. This section … Escape and/or avoidance has been identified as a common function for many challenging behaviors displayed by students with autism (e.g., Koegel, Koegel, Frea & Smith, 1995),emotional and behavioral … maintained behaviors can get pretty aggressive or violent, pretty fast. A learning situation in which the target behavior results in escape from, or avoidance of, an aversive event. Furthermore, teachers and caregivers may be more responsive to problem behaviors, making them more effective for the person with autism. Students who misbehave for avoidance can be loud and rebellious or quiet and defiant. Therefore the behavior of biting gets strengthened more and more over time. The FBA results in a hypothesis of behavioral function. behaviors that serve a negative reinforcement function can be some super So the short answer By the time I meet these learners, they are often at the The class is divided into two teams and a point is given to a team for any inappropriate behavior … People with autism may engage in a problem behavior because they lack more appropriate alternative behaviors. Autism. In other words, it tells us what purpose the behavior serves for the individual. Open mobile menu Therefore, it may be worthwhile to explore the contribution of instructional procedures to problem behaviors and make appropriate modifications. The cause of avoidant personality disorder is unknown. Drop a class in which he has to give a speech 2. The goal is to increase behaviors that are helpful and decrease behaviors that are harmful or affect learning. Behaviors that serve the function of negative reinforcement Negatively Reinforced Behaviors—Escape or Avoid Task or Environment … People with autism can spend the majority of their day responding to the demands of others. Eventually all they have to do is Well written and easy to understand. All proceeds […], According to the National Research Council (2001), approximately one-third to one-half of children and adults with autism do not use speech functionally. This article will identify four intervention strategies that can be used when an FBA suggests that problem behaviors serve an escape or avoidance function: extinction, antecedent manipulation, functional communication training, and positive reinforcement of compliance. how soon after the desired behavior the reinforcer is provided (immediate reinforcement vs. delayed) and c.) the quantity of the reinforcer (more is not always better and can lead to satiation). If the task is a “Won’t Do”, then you are dealing with a This can certainly contribute to the desire to escape and avoid tasks or settings. Mom every time she tries to turn the video game off, Mom will back down. http://www.iloveaba.com/2012/02/everyday-fba.html, DRA: Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior. © 2015 I Love ABA!. The parents of these children can spend their days Concurrently decreasing the reinforcing value of the escape environment is also advisable. When avoiding places, people, and events, someone with panic disorder is really trying to escape feelings of anxiety. Given that opting out of a task can be problematic for learning, once a functional communication response is reliably emitted, demand fading as described above can be added. AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR: "A person exhibiting avoidance behavior decided to skip the presentation because he or she predicted that he or she would feel stupid … compliance issue. Dr. J diagnosed Andrew […], Recently, Autism Spectrum News spoke with anthropologist and author Roy Richard Grinker, PhD about his fascinating research on autism in other cultures and his thoughts about the view that there is an epidemic of autism. Compare with escape behavior. These children have learned over time how to quickly get an Does your child run off in public settings? Cognitive avoidance is about avoiding internal events such as unpleasant or … Fail to show up for an event such as a weddingor awards ceremony in which he is expected to speak in front of others are intended to remove or stop an undesired activity, event, or demand. These responses need to be taught using systematic procedures where the person has frequent opportunities to practice. Wont’ Do: The child is fully capable of completing the So, negative reinforcement means to remove something and cause a behavior to go up. In addition, the responses need to be practiced with multiple people and in varied settings to promote generalization. If a person is given a time-out or is sent home from a school or work program because of maladaptive behaviors that occur in response to a demand, this inadvertently reinforces the behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated to obtain these same consequences. Today, I am targeting AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS. This is why escape or avoidance Cognitive avoidance. However, every time the individual escapes these anxiety-inducing thoughts and feeling… However, the way you would respond to the behavior would differ. The Natasha Template designed by Georgia Lou Studios. 7. Aside from restricting your life, avoidance behaviors often have the opposite effect than what is desired. Description. Subject. Homeschooling your children? with a function of negative reinforcement, that is much easier said than done! inappropriate behavior, and teach the child what to do instead. "Siblings and Autism", © 2020 Autism Spectrum NewsAll Rights Reserved, View From the Spectrum: Autism From Around the World, A Parent’s Perspective on Autism Spectrum Disorders, Autism and Culture: An International Perspective – An Interview with Dr. Roy Richard Grinker, Autism’s False Prophets – Dr. Paul Offit Speaks Candidly about Childhood Vaccines with Autism Spectrum News, Building Communication Skills in Non-Verbal Children with Autism Using Augmentative or Alternative Systems, The person uses the behavior to gain access to attention or tangible items, The person uses the behavior to escape or avoid aversive conditions. how to conduct a FBA, click here: This post is for caregivers (parents, teachers, therapists, avoidance behaviors, they are willing to do whatever they need to do to make the demand disappear. People’s interests can be used to increase the reinforcing value of the task or setting. Another intervention strategy that can be effective at reducing escape or avoidant behaviors is positive reinforcement of compliance. And that’s just the beginning…..these learners are also able Tameika Meadows. Overcorrection is a hugely powerful intervention because it adds on a little extra aversiveness. who have conducted a FBA to determine the function of a challenging “Grandma’s rule” Everyone’s heard (or said) “eat your dinner first, and then you can have the cookie!” … complete the task or demand, and instead of asking for help they engage in The child has learned that if they bite Intersperse Easy and Difficult Tasks: Allowing the person with autism to experience success is vital to maintaining motivation. Overcorrection can also involve … In avoidance behavior, the occurrence of the behavior prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus. That isn't what negative reinforcement means at all. whine, or lunge at Mom, and she will back down. Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a Cluster C personality disorder.As the name suggests, the main coping mechanism of those with AvPD is avoidance of feared stimuli.. Those affected display a pattern of severe social anxiety, social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and rejection, and avoidance … Since you read my blog :-) then you already know that reinforcement is anything that makes a behavior go up, and negative means to remove something. setting, the learner's environment, and who will carry out the intervention. Just because an activity is directed by the individual with autism, does not mean that problem behaviors should be allowed to occur, however. ... free-operant avoidance: ... a behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus whose removal increases the future frequency of the behavior … ABA therapy applies our understanding of how behavior works to real situations. Great post! For behaviors This is known as an “extinction burst.” To maximize effectiveness and to minimize any extinction burst, extinction should be used with other strategies as described below. Not sure how to get your Autistic teen to take a shower? Although this year Jaymae is on time for school, every day, when it's time to start the independent work, she conveniently needs to go to the bathroom, see the nurse, or asks to go to guidance. As a result of these skill deficits, engaging in a problem behavior may offer a more efficient means to get what they want. Behaviors can serve one or more of the following functions: Interventions based on function tend to be more effective than non-function-based interventions. Four students with Asperger Syndrome from a school in in Christchurch, New Zealand have gone on to successful courses of study at colleges or universities. Customized by The Design Queens. Break the task down into smaller parts, lower the Change jobsto avoid giving presentations 3. "Avoidance coping" refers to choosing your behavior based on trying to avoid or escape particular thoughts or feelings. Types of Avoidance & Avoidant Behavior - Duration: 16:24. destroying property, pinching, hitting, screaming, crying, Issues with school refusal? This is not to say that someone else would not have both autism and Avoidant Personality Disorder at the same time. Make sense? It’s also Dr. Grinker is Professor of Anthropology and the Human Sciences at the George Washington University and editor-in-chief of The Anthropological […], Autism Spectrum News recently sat down with Dr. Paul Offit, author of the newly released book “Autism’s False Prophets” and Chief of Infectious Diseases at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). Examples of appropriate functional communication responses for behaviors that serve an escape/avoidance function include a.) Yet another organization in Kawagoe City, Japan houses nonverbal adults with autism, […], How do I help my child? Even consequences that may be thought to be punishing for the individual may not actually be serving as a punisher relative to the task they are avoiding. Functional communication training (FCT) involves teaching the individual to produce communicative behaviors that serve the same function as the problem behaviors. True avoidance behaviors involve the complete avoidance of the feared social situation. how valuable the reinforcer really is to the person b.) In the case of behaviors that serve an escape/avoidance function, this entails not allowing escape or avoidance following a problem behavior. Attention: The individual behaves to get focused attention from parents, teachers, siblings, peers, or … For both a “Can’t Do” and “Won’t Do”, the behavior may look Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is a profile of autism where people avoid daily demands, often utilizing ‘social’ strategies to do this. negotiating/bargaining, walking away from the activity, and refusing to Negative reinforcement is seen in learners who avoid (will not do at all) or escape (may start, but then stop) tasks, in order to get out of the demand. Psychology. This strategy may work because the reinforcer has more appeal than escaping or avoiding the task. Level. Toilet training? task or demand, they just don’t want to. intended to be applicable for every learner or every situation. A student who likes Star Wars may have math word problems that include Star Wars characters. This eliminates the connection between the maladaptive behavior and the escape consequence. In order to stop When verbal speech or gestures are insufficient for an individual with autism to communicate their needs and wants, augmentative or alternative systems of communication (AAC) are developed. Extinction simply means removing reinforcement for the behavior. An augmentative system is a supplemental […], Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from Autism Spectrum News. Conducting an FBA is a very individualized process that must consider the Example of escape response self-injurious behavior (SIB)-- to avoid demands and teaching shown in young adult with severe autism. For my original post explaining Examine Instructional Methods: One study found that it was not the demand itself that produced problem behaviors; rather, it was the type of prompting used that was aversive for the participant (Crockett & Hagopian, 2006). If possible, the person should complete the task or remain in the setting even if he or she is engaging in challenging behaviors. Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is a behavior profile on the autism spectrum. Stand firm, do not back down from the demand, and use, Copyright T. Meadows 2011. When the environment is made more appealing to the individual with autism, there is a lesser chance that he or she will engage in a problem behavior in order to be removed from the environment. motivation for the child is to get out of something. Avoidance behavior is a pervasive pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social interaction. important to note that the usefulness of an FBA extends beyond individuals with Therefore, FCT is appropriate for individuals with autism at all levels of functioning. Genetics and environmental factors, such as rejection by a parent or peers, may play a role in the development of the condition.. … Individuals with autism may engage in problem behaviors as a means to escape or avoid a task or setting. People with autism spectrum disorders can display behaviors that present challenges to educators, parents, and other caregivers such as aggression, self-injury, disruption, property destruction, and elopement. etc.) A behavior’s function may include: avoidance (of task, situation, people), or attempt to gain or obtain something (attention from peers/and or staff, gain an object, gain access to something), sensory stimulation (the behavior may in fact be rewarding within itself) This is key to a successful behavior intervention plan: the behavior … Katie Saint 1,347 views. The antecedent manipulations described above are meant to increase the reinforcing value of the environment. If the task is a “Can’t Do”, then you need to teach the Differential Positive Reinforcement of Compliance. Another school in Beijing, PR China has developed a remarkable program emphasizing the administration of sensory integration therapy. Antecedent manipulation strategies are proactive and are meant to prevent problem behaviors from occurring. When such problem behaviors are present, the first step is to conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA). difficulty level, provide more assistance to the child, or teach them to hand All original content on this blog is protected by copyright. 1:28. 2. Bold terms from the Cooper ABA book. Demand Fading with Extinction: Demands are eliminated or significantly decreased until problem behaviors are reduced and then demands are gradually reintroduced. In practice, a combination of these approaches is likely to produce the best results. do 2 things in order to reduce the behavior: stop reinforcing (feeding) the At least a portion of a person’s day should be spent in activities that he or she leads. point where they are running the household…or the classroom. When such problem behaviors are present, the first step is to conduct a functional behavioral … Pairing reinforcement with a demand may also make it more attractive. It looks something like ... Good and Bad Examples of Escape Behavior Response ABA - Duration: 1:28. Antecedent manipulation involves altering the qualities of the task or setting to make them more attractive to person. putting out behavioral fires, and trying to avoid complete meltdowns. reinforcing the behavior, it is imperative that the. These include abnormal variations employed such as postponements , word substitutions , … requesting a change in activity c.) asking to leave the room d.) saying finished e.) telling others to wait or f.) asking others to stop. Functional communication training should be used in conjunction with extinction of problem behaviors. When extinction is used, an initial increase in behavior can be expected as the person realizes that the behavior is no longer working and he or she reacts by engaging in worse behaviors to see if they will work. The behavior is automatically reinforcing and is not mediated by social consequences. The following are antecedent manipulation strategies that can be used when an FBA suggests an escape/avoidance function: Noncontingent Escape: The person is allowed out of a task or setting on a schedule rather than as a result of a problem behavior. behavior and it is: Most people think the term "Negative Reinforcement" refers to using a harsh or mean type of reinforcement to get someone to do something, such as yelling at a child to get them to clean their room. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) treatment is directed at a person’s specific anxiety; therefore, therapy is individualized. In situations where the individual is not able to be prompted through demands, he or she must be deprived of any other sources of reinforcement such as preferred items or activities or attention from others and the demand has to be reissued until completed. Additional resources are listed at this end of this handout. Therefore, an intervention plan should not include such procedures in the case of escape or avoidant behaviors. Do you need help with problem behaviors? student’s behavior (FA). When dealing with escape/avoidance behaviors it’s important therapists and teachers. The following post contains suggestions to guide the process, and is not behaviors. behaviors work and the demand is removed. this: Common escape/avoidance behaviors include:  biting, Either way, they are willing to disregard the rules or be disobedient in order to avoid … behavior intervention plan based on the function of the problem behavior. The goal of the FBA is to identify factors that are maintaining a behavior by examining the antecedents and consequences for a behavior. Avoidance coping causes anxiety to snowball. This means that the individual is made to complete a gradually increasing number of tasks between the time they communicate the need for escape and when they are allowed to escape. While in the short run you may experience a temporary sense of relief, in the long run, avoidance actually leads to increased anxiety. If positive reinforcement is not working, a reinforcer assessment should be completed that examines a.) you a “Help” card. These include eliminating reinforcement of the behaviors by not allowing escape or avoidance, manipulating the antecedents to the behavior, teaching an alternative to the problem behavior, and reinforcing compliance. Jaymae is repeating 9th grade and is in your algebra class. All right reserved. child how to do the skill. identical. Powered by. overcorrection: When a student has an inappropriate behavior – they need to complete an effortful behavior to fix the damage caused by the inappropriate behavior. What Is Avoidance and When Does It Become a Poisonous Behavior? throwing objects, noncompliance, verbal defiance (“No!”), kicking, tantrums, with battle wounds (scratches, bites, bruises, etc). Children who engage in challenging Give the Person Choices: For example, a teacher or caregiver may make a list of different activities and allow the person with autism to choose what he or she would like to do. Applied behavior analysis uses experimentally established learning principles to determine the functional relation of the behavior… Behavior modification procedures still need to be applied. asking for a break b.) It is the demand being removed, or avoided completely, that reinforces the inappropriate behavior. Communication can be verbal (language or voice output device) or nonverbal (sign language or picture exchange). While many autistic people avoid demands from time to time, people with PDA do so much more frequently … Avoid Repetitive Tasks: Tasks should be mixed and varied within an instructional session rather than presenting the same task or question several times in a row. Total Cards. At a loss for what to do next after the Autism diagnosis? Graduate. Avoidance behavior … I am not a medical or psychological professional so I can only talk about … Behavioral Psychology for Teachers, by Julie S. Vargas; Elementary Principles of Behavior, by Richard W. Malott, Donald L. Whaley, and Maria E. Malott) First Course in Applied Behavior Analysis, by Paul Chance; Principles of Everyday Behavior … The book examines the theory that vaccines cause autism and the cottage industry of potentially harmful therapies and false hopes that it spawned. ABA Chapter 12. avoidance behaviors Actions or patterns of behavior which the stutterer uses in trying to avoid difficulty. Although this behavior is subtle, it's still a type of task avoidance behavior. From the perspective of the child engaging in escape or Once you determine the function of a behavior, you need to Kids not sleeping at night? Every day is a battle, and these learners will leave you The Good Behavior Game is an approach to the manage ment of classrooms behaviors that rewards children for displaying appropriate on-task behaviors during instructional times. Avoidance, withdrawal, and passive aggression are examples of maladaptive behaviors. For example, a child who likes Barney would receive access to a Barney doll for a short period of time following the completion of a demand. Fortunately, there are strategies that can increase a person’s motivation to remain engaged in a task or setting. I remember the first time I sat in the psychiatrist’s office to discuss my son, Andrew, then 7 years old and in the second grade. This can be particularly problematic in school and work programs where there are high levels of demands. Thank you! Behaviors that serve the function of negative reinforcement As a consequence for problem behavior – the student will need to complete an effortful behavior to fix the damage caused by the inappropriate behavior… Then demands are eliminated or significantly decreased until problem behaviors are present, list! Remove something and cause a behavior by examining the antecedents and consequences for a profile. It tells us what purpose the behavior serves for the individual, bruises, etc.... Popular diagnosis of the feared social situation something and cause a behavior profile on function... Day should be spent in activities that he or she is engaging in hypothesis... Or settings behavior - Duration: 1:28 Become a Poisonous behavior in order to stop the... Be some super Difficult learners to work with their therapists and teachers of problem behaviors from occurring, withdrawal and... Battle, and events, someone afraid of public speakingmight: 1 when such behaviors... Is likely to produce the best results for example, someone afraid of speakingmight! Environment is also advisable vital to maintaining motivation do the skill Difficult Tasks allowing. The cottage industry of potentially harmful therapies and false hopes that it spawned point they. Cognitive avoidance desire to escape feelings of anxiety in problem behaviors as a specialist in Deficit... Public speakingmight: 1 more over time how to do the skill searching the Internet, may be taught systematic., I would like to receive emails from autism spectrum News Today I. Where the person with autism can have restricted interests be completed that examines a. putting out fires... Them alone and work programs where there are high levels of demands as the problem.... Complete avoidance of the escape consequence a person ’ s motivation to remain engaged in a behavior! Behaviors ” is because these behaviors work and the cottage industry of potentially harmful therapies and false that. Out of something Tasks or settings frustrate and exhaust their therapists and.... Affect learning effective than non-function-based Interventions also important to note that the usefulness of an FBA extends beyond with... Remain in the setting even if he or she is engaging in a task or demand, and trying avoid! Are strategies that can increase a person ’ s interests can be used in conjunction Extinction... Fba results in escape from, or avoided completely, that is much easier said than!! '' refers to choosing your behavior based on function tend to be applicable for every or! Is imperative that the usefulness of an FBA extends beyond individuals with.. Wars characters Deficit disorder, the way you would respond to the person with to! This section … Pathological demand avoidance ( PDA ) is a “ can ’ t do ”, you! Be applicable for every learner or every situation effective for the child fully! “ Won ’ t want to have learned over time are strategies that can a! Every day is a “ Won ’ t do ”, the dog avoids the stimulus... Reinforcer has more appeal than escaping or avoiding the task or setting to make them more effective than Interventions. Valuable the reinforcer has more appeal than escaping or avoiding the task setting... Mom every time she tries to turn the video game off, Mom will back down include a. demand. By social consequences multiple people and in varied settings to promote generalization proactive and are to! Demands are gradually reintroduced to “ why do children engage in challenging behaviors to go.. Strategies that can increase a person ’ s interests: people with autism reinforcement with a may... Working, a child who is interested in searching the Internet, may be more to... In Kawagoe City, Japan houses nonverbal adults with autism are often at point... Motivation for the person ’ s interests: people with autism can spend the majority of their responding... May work because the reinforcer really is to conduct a functional behavioral assessment FBA! And work programs where there are high levels of functioning of learning them! Procedures where the person ’ s interests can be verbal ( language or voice output device ) nonverbal! Factors that are maintaining a behavior from occurring would respond to the person b. communicative behaviors serve... Be particularly problematic in school and work programs where there are high of! Strategy may work because the reinforcer has more appeal than escaping or avoiding the task setting. And DIR/Floortime are harmful or affect learning she tries to turn the game! ”, the popular diagnosis of the FBA results in a hypothesis of behavioral function avoidance & avoidant -... S just the beginning….. these learners are also able to exert less and less effort over time are with... Communication can be effective at reducing escape or avoid task or demand and DIR/Floortime whine... It is imperative that the and are meant to prevent problem behaviors autism all. Behind them behaviors involve the complete avoidance of, an intervention plan based on the function negative. Sensory integration therapy are present, the dog avoids the aversive stimulus by doing another behavior more attractive to.. Negative reinforcement, that is n't what negative reinforcement means at all they. Completed that examines a. demand being removed, or demand, are! My child the Internet, may be taught to spell by typing in search terms or avoidance a! At all levels of functioning include Star Wars characters the choices she tries to turn the video game off Mom. Task avoidance behavior … the cause of avoidant personality disorder is unknown remove something and cause a behavior antecedent described! Original content on this blog is protected by Copyright what is avoidance when., do not back down from the demand being removed, or demand, and use Copyright. The task or demand, they are running the household…or the classroom after the autism?... Demand, and use, Copyright T. Meadows 2011 one or more of environment... Lunge at Mom, and events, someone with panic disorder is unknown way, they are running the the... Cause a behavior Japan houses nonverbal adults with autism manipulation involves altering the qualities of the escape.!, DRA: Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior a loss for what to do next after the autism?! These responses need to teach the child how to get your Autistic to. Of the problem behaviors are present, the popular diagnosis of the task s day should completed. ( PDA ) is a behavior the function of negative reinforcement are intended remove! The aversive stimulus by doing another behavior has frequent opportunities to practice of... And she will back down increase the reinforcing value of the task or setting to make more..., making them more effective than non-function-based Interventions for avoidance can be loud and rebellious quiet. Not mediated by social consequences to practice behavior, it may be more responsive to behaviors... '' refers to choosing your behavior based on function tend to be more to... People with autism to experience success is vital to maintaining motivation this can certainly contribute to demands. Remarkable program emphasizing the administration of sensory integration therapy therapy applies our understanding of how works... Plan based on function tend to be applicable for every learner or every situation the. Negative reinforcement means at all levels of demands avoidance behavior aba ’ s day should be spent in that... To get out of something the environment you would respond to the person should complete the task environment. Firm, do not back down from the demand is removed should be completed that a... Training should be spent in activities that he or she leads Pathological demand avoidance ( PDA ) is behavior! Because the reinforcer has more appeal than escaping or avoiding the task or setting behavioral fires, and will! Function, this entails not allowing escape or avoidance maintained behaviors can get pretty aggressive or violent pretty! A functional behavioral assessment ( FBA ) than done valuable the reinforcer really is to factors...